Do you know Antiochus IV Epiphanius? He was a king of Syria, part of Seleucid dynasty. He ruled from 175 BC to 164 BC. Born around 215 BC, his reign was full of action and controversy. For his actions, he was called "the Madman". His story is full of events relevant to the ancient Middle East. What actions made Antiochus IV such an intriguing figure? How did his way of ruling affect the region? This article will explain the rich history of this king.
He came to the throne after his brother, Seleucus IV, died. He faced difficult political and military challenges. This included the struggle for the crown and wars with Egypt. His attempt to occupy Egypt, the persecution of the Jews, and the revolt of the maccabees have marked its history.
Their decisions changed the political landscape of the time. What were the consequences of these events for the region? Let's explore in detail the life of Antiochus IV Epiphaniusshowing his legacy.
Rise of Antiochus IV Epiphanius
After losing his father, Antiochus the Great, in Magnesia against Rome, Antiochus IV was taken hostage there. The death of his brother, Seleucus IV, allowed him to reach the throne of Syria. With the help of Eumenes II, Antiochus IV removed Heliodorus and established himself in power.
His early days on the throne had many challenges, not least the battles that shaped his journey. A battle of Magnesia is key here, as his father fell to the Romans there.
"After Magnesia, Antiochus the Great lost and Antiochus IV was imprisoned in Rome. But the death of Seleucus IV changed everything in Syria, favoring Antiochus IV."
Antiochus IV knew how necessary it was to strengthen his empire. With Eumenes II, he became a reliable leader. This alliance helped put an end to challenges against his rule.
And so Antiochus IV stood out for his will to rule. His career reveals how ambition can lead to political success in the midst of conflict and rivalry.
| Period | Facts |
|---|---|
| 175 BC | Defeat of Antiochus Magnus in the Battle of Magnesia against the Roman Republic |
| 173 BC. | Antiochus IV Epiphanius pays the remainder of the war imposed by the Romans on his father |
| 169 BC | Invasion of Egypt, defeat of the Egyptians between Pelusius and Mount Casion |
| 168 BC | Invasion of Egypt, demand for Cyprus and Pelusius, camp outside Alexandria |
| 166 BC. | Jerusalem dominated by the Greeks, prohibition of the worship of God and rites Jewish |
Conflicts with Egypt
Antiochus IV Epiphanius, king of Greece, had great friction with Egypt. Egypt was commanded by Ptolemy VI Philometor. The problems between them were part of a series of wars. They involved the Seleucid and Ptolemaic empires fighting over who had more power in the region.
In 168 BC, Antiochus led an invasion of Egypt. He managed to take the country, except for Alexandria. However, his control there was short-lived. This was because the Roman troops, under the command of Perseus, defeated Antiochus at Pidna.
After this defeat, he had to flee Egypt and Cyprus. That was on June 22, 168 BC.
Despite failing to dominate Alexandria, Antiochus IV showed his strength by trying to rule Egypt. He wanted to increase his power in this area. However, the action of the Romans stopped his plans.
See the image below to better understand where Antiochus IV's territory and Egypt were during his reign.
[seguros_promo_shortcode ideal_para="9″ ideal_para_lbl="Brasil" theme="card-large" show_logo="true"/]
| Date | Events |
|---|---|
| 168 BC | Invasion of Egypt by Antiochus IV |
| June 22, 168 BC. | Defeat of Antiochus IV and his evacuation from Egypt |
Persecution of the Jews and revolt of the Maccabees
Antiochus IV Epiphanius, a king, was responsible for persecuting the Jews. He did this by desecrating the Temple of Jerusalem. He ordered the worship of God and Jewish rites to be stopped. Instead, an altar to Zeus was erected. On it, they sacrificed in honor of the Greek god.
A Guerra que não Aconteceu
Prepare-se para uma profunda imersão no cerne da existência humana com "A Guerra que não Aconteceu: Uma Jornada ao Coração da Consciência". Neste romance instigante e emocionalmente rico, Jeferson Santos nos apresenta Aurora, uma menina sem sombra e sem pulso, cujo surgimento em Valle Perdido desafia todas as compreensões sobre vida e morte.
Read moreThis action generated a lot of outrage. In 166 BC, the Revolt of the Maccabees began with Judas Maccabaeus. He led a group that opposed the Greeks and Syrians who dominated Israel.
Moved by the desire for autonomy, the Jews united. Mattathias started the fight and his son Judas continued it. They wanted to get rid of control and regain their freedom.
Judas was not only a great strategist, but also a courageous leader. In 164 BC, he finally took Jerusalem. He reopened the Temple, which had been desecrated, an event celebrated to this day at Hanukkah.
To defeat the Seleucids, Judas asked the Romans for help. With this support, the Jews won an important victory. They achieved a short period of independence.
Then leadership passed to Jonathan. He reached a peace agreement in around 153 B.C. This agreement was with Alexander Balas, the Seleucid king. At the same time, his brother Simon began to lead a partially independent Judah.
The region's independence disappeared in 63 BC, when Rome installed a king of its choice in Jerusalem. Even so, the Revolt of the Maccabees symbolized a time of struggle and renewal for the Jews. It reinforced their cultural and religious identity.
| Year | Events |
|---|---|
| 167-166 BC. | Revolt of the Maccabees led by Mattathias and Judas Maccabaeus |
| 164 BC | Capture of Jerusalem and rededication of the Temple |
| 166 BC. | Judas seeks help from Rome |
| Approx. 153 BC | Peace agreement with Alexandre Balas |
| 63 BC | Installation of a puppet king in Jerusalem by Rome |
The Revolt of the Maccabees was fundamental to Jewish history. He emphasized faith and the identity of the people. It also ushered in an era of resistance against oppression. It was a milestone in fight for religious freedom and restoration of the Temple of Jerusalem.
Relations with Rome
Antiochus IV Epiphanius had issues with Rome. He lost the Battle of Magnesia and had to pay compensation. This was part of the Treaty of Apamea with Rome.
He acted to prevent the Roman invasion of Egypt, where he had relatives. Even so, Rome's action in Egypt took place.
Rome ordered Antiochus IV to leave Egypt. He accepted in order to keep his kingdom in one piece. This Roman action greatly changed things between Rome and Syria.
"With the Treaty of ApameaRome gained control over Antiochus IV. They made him pay and give up Egypt. This showed the great power of Rome at the time."
Antiochus IV's history with Rome shows the power struggles. He tried to avoid it, but Roman power was strong. Rome's actions changed politics in the area, greatly affecting Antiochus' dynasty.
Here's a table of the main events in this relationship:
| Events | Year |
|---|---|
| Defeat in the Battle of Magnesia | 190 BC. |
| Payment of war indemnity to the Romans | 173 BC. |
| Victory over the Egyptians | 169 BC |
| Roman intervention and an order to abandon conquests in Egypt | 168 BC |
Death of Antiochus IV Epiphanius
Antiochus IV Epiphanius ruled the Seleucid Empire from 175 B.C. to 164 B.C. He died around 162 B.C., aged 53, in Fars, Iran. The cause of his death was possibly cancer. His reign was full of controversy and polemics.
His death was important because of a prophecy in Daniel 11:45. Many saw it as something religious. He was known for fighting with the Jews.
Because of his death, there were changes in the region. The end of Antiochus IV's reign marked the end of an era.
Muitos acreditam que sua morte foi por doença. Isso pode ter feito os inimigos dele mais fortes.
| Events | Year |
|---|---|
| Death of Antiochus II | 250 BC |
| Death of Ptolemy Philadelphus | 247 BC |
| Recall of Laudice and her children to court | 247 BC |
| Antiochus' military actions | 198 BC. |
| Death of Antiochus IV Epiphanius | 187 BC. |
| Withdrawal and desecration of the Temple Jerusalem | 170 BC |
| End of the reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanius | 164 BC |
Their deaths marked a time of uncertainty in the region. The changes they caused still affect history today.
Impact of Antiochus IV Epiphanius on the Hellenistic region
Antiochus IV Epiphanius ruled part of the Hellenistic region and made important changes. He mixed Greek and Oriental cultures in his policies and expanded the empire throughout the territories of the Middle East. His relationship with the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt influenced the political and military attitudes of the time.
The ruler was part of the Seleucid dynastyIt was a very important period in the history of the Middle East. Disputes with the Ptolemies and other dynasties impacted the region. These conflicts helped shape the environment in which Antiochus ruled and extended his power and influence.
The Seleucid and Ptolemaic dynasties fought a lot for land and power in places like Syria and Egypt. They fought, but they also made deals, always seeking to be the strongest in the area. Efforts for leadership were constant between these kingdoms, influencing local history.
Antiochus IV Epiphanius united Greek and Eastern culture. His government combined elements from both regions. In this way, he tried to create something new and common, strengthening the identity of his territory.
Hellenistic influence and territorial expansion
Antiochus IV Epiphanius was known for wanting to grow and spread. To this end, he led military campaigns that conquered countless lands. He created a great empire, covering vast areas.
Among the places he managed to dominate were parts of Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Persia and others. His expansion was seen as a way of taking Hellenistic culture further and bringing peace to the lands that came under his empire.
The king encouraged Greek culture in the new lands. He promoted Greek customs and practices among those who now lived under his rule. The effects of this cultural mix were strong and long-lasting in the region.
| Kingdom | Year of conquest | Conquered territories |
|---|---|---|
| Syria | 175 BC | Anatolia, Phoenicia, Palestine and Mesopotamia |
| Egypt | 169 BC | Part of Egypt and Cyprus |
| Persia | 167 BC | Part of Persia and Armenia |
| Babylon | 166 BC. | Part of Babylon and the Middle Ages |
The search for more land marked the rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanius. His empire grew enormously, strengthening his position in the Middle East. The impact of his conquests, both political and cultural, was profound in the region.
Relations with the Seleucid and Ptolemaic dynasties
The fights between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic dynasties were essential during the time of Antiochus IV Epiphanius. They were always looking for more power in the region. Such disputes led to fights and attempts to conquer territories.
They fought each other, but also united on certain occasions. Antiochus IV Epiphanius, for example, fought against the Ptolemies in search of more land and power. This conflict defined much of what happened in the region at the time.
The rivalry between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic kings changed the political and military landscape. This lasted for many years, influencing who was in charge. Antiochus IV Epiphanius interfered several times in the affairs of Egypt, which caused wars and changed the history of the region.
Legacy of Antiochus IV Epiphanius
Antiochus IV Epiphanius left a deep mark on the ancient Middle East. His influence in the region, his quest for more land and his clash with the Ptolemies changed history. The push for Hellenism had a lasting impact on the conquered lands.
His expansion created a politically and culturally diverse territory. He promoted Greek culture, mixing it with local traditions. This left a remarkable legacy in the region, and his reign was a crucial point in Hellenistic history.
The competitions and fights between the Seleucid and Ptolemaic dynasties influenced other regions. Their actions changed alliances and power between the Hellenistic kingdoms. Thus, the history of these conflicts and agreements remains an important part of the Middle East's past.
Antiochus IV Epiphanius ruled at a key moment for the Hellenistic region. His acts and decisions had significant political, cultural and territorial impacts. Its history is essential for anyone wishing to understand the ancient Middle East.
Legacy of Antiochus IV Epiphanius
Antiochus IV Epiphanius left a remarkable legacy. Many debate his role in history and how he affected the Jews. While some see him as a leader, others call him a tyrant for persecuting the Jews.
He became known for desecrating the Temple of JerusalemThis shocked the Jews. Antiochus IV prevented Jewish religious practices and this led to a revolt, called the revolt of the maccabees. His aim was to bring back freedom and the Jewish faith.
This revolt against Antiochus IV was very important for Judaism. The Jews won the battle, which left a strong memory in the Jewish people. religion and Jewish culture.
"The Maccabean revolt exemplifies resistance and the search for religious freedom. It had a great impact on judaismrevitalizing Jewish faith and identity."
In addition, Antiochus IV played key roles in Rome, influencing history. His presence made a lasting impression on the political and cultural landscape of Hellenistic times.
Antiochus IV has a history full of controversy, but his legacy is important. He shaped Judaism and the relationship between the Hellenistic peoples. Thus, more than a leader, he became a symbol in regional history.
Antiochus IV Epiphanius and the political context of the time
The reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanius was marked by much rivalry and the quest for power. This happened both in the Seleucid Wars as well as the internal Jewish quarrels over Jerusalem. This intense phase defined how Antiochus ruled and related to other kingdoms.
Antiochus IV was part of the Seleucid dynasty, which faced many wars. The Seleucid Wars were basically fights over territory and power between the Greek kingdoms. One of the biggest rivalries was between the Seleucids, like Antiochus, and the Ptolemaics of Egypt.
So Antiochus IV had to deal with enemies both outside and inside his kingdom. The groups of Jews fighting over Jerusalem were some of these challenges. These struggles within his kingdom had a great impact on his decisions as ruler.
The time of Antiochus IV Epiphanius was full of conflicts and rivalries. He became king and took action in the midst of the Seleucid Wars and fights between Jews over Jerusalem.
The Seleucid Wars show how ambitious the quest for power was in the Hellenistic kingdoms. Antiochus IV was not left out of these conflicts and battles for strategic territories. He and others before and after him sought to stand out in this race for power.
The dispute over Jerusalem was crucial during the reign of Antiochus IV. Various Jewish groups wanted to rule the city and influence the king. This created a complex political environment, which affected Antiochus' decisions and had important consequences for the history of the region.
Thus, Antiochus IV was deeply influenced by the Seleucid Wars and the Jewish quarrels. These events marked his career and contributed to the history of Hellenistic times. His reign reflects the importance of these contexts in governance and relations between kingdoms.
Antiochus IV Epiphanius and biblical prophecy
Antiochus IV Epiphanius was a Greek-Hellenistic king of the Seleucid Empire. Many link him to prophecies of Book of Daniel. This is often debated by scholars and religionists.
In Daniel 11:45, the death of Antiochus IV is spoken of as a fulfillment of prophecy. Some say that he died as a divine punishment for persecuting Jews and desecrating the Temple of Jerusalem. Debate persists between religious and academic scholars about these events.
The interpretation of biblical texts needs to take into account the cultural and religious context. The prophecies in Daniel are complex and open to various interpretations. Understanding the connection between them and historical events requires in-depth study.
The religious see the acts of Antiochus IV as proof of the prophecies coming true. Academics, on the other hand, take a more critical view, analyzing multiple sources. This approach varies according to one's faith and background.
The theme linking Daniel and Antiochus IV mixes religious belief and academic research. Each group has its own vision of the connection between the prophecies and history.
The influence of Antiochus IV Epiphanius on the temple in Jerusalem
Antiochus IV Epiphanius is remembered for desecrating the temple in Jerusalem. He put up an altar to Zeus and forbade Jewish rituals, even with the penalty of death. This terrible act caused a great deal of revolt among the Jews.
Judas Maccabaeus led the revolt against Antiochus IV. The fight was for religious freedom and to be able to worship as the Jews wanted. This movement was a response to the attacks on the temple and the persecution.
The victory of the Maccabees was a milestone for the Jews. They managed to take back the Temple of Jerusalem and purify it of pagan influences. The work of restoration and purification is celebrated on the feast of Hanukkah, the Festival of Lights.
Desecration and the victory of Maccabees are very important for Judaism. They show how the Jews fought for their faith against powerful enemies. The rebuilding of the temple breathed new life into Judaism and was crucial to its history.
| Important Events | Years |
|---|---|
| Desecration of the temple of Jerusalem by Antiochus IV Epiphanius | 175 BC |
| Beginning of the Maccabean revolt against Antiochus IV | 166 BC. |
| Restoration of the temple of Jerusalem by the Maccabees | 164 BC |
The significance of Antiochus IV Epiphanius in the history of Judaism
The reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanius marked Judaism in a profound way. He persecuted the Jews, seeking to extinguish their religion. It was a time of great pain, but one that generated a great struggle for freedom.
The persecution under Antiochus IV was crucial. Many Jews were forced to choose between their faith or the preservation of tradition. This started the Maccabean Revolt, a milestone in Jewish history.
"The revolt led by Judas Maccabaeus sought to end the persecution. Its main objective was to restore the worship of God and Jewish rites."
The Maccabean Revolt challenged Antiochus IV and won. It guaranteed religious freedom for the Jews. This victory is remembered to this day and celebrated on Hanukkah.
After the revolt, Judaism was revitalized. A restoration of the Temple of Jerusalem had great significance. Jewish faith and culture were strengthened through these events.
Antiochus IV's legacy in Jewish history is one of struggle, resistance and rebirth. Despite his persecution, the Jews found courage and preserved their faith. And so his memory is remembered.
| Hellenistic King | Period of Government | Main Actions |
|---|---|---|
| Antiochus IV Epiphanius | 175 BC - 164 BC | Persecution of the Jews, occupation of Egypt and Cyprus, against Rome |
The historical context of the Seleucid dynasty
The Seleucid dynasty involved many conflicts for power. Antiochus IV Epiphanius was part of it. This was a time of many disputes and changes in Syria and the surrounding region. They shaped the past of the Middle East.
From 305 BC to 63 BC, they ruled many lands. More than 30 kings, such as Antiochus IV Epiphanius, led the empire. They faced challenges, wars and major political changes.
Initially, they controlled a large area, more than 3,000,000 km². But this extent diminished over time. In 175 BC, the empire was around 800,000 km².
| Year | Area of the Seleucid Empire (km²) |
|---|---|
| 301 BC | 3.000.000 |
| 175 BC | 800.000 |
Even though it was smaller, the Seleucid Empire remained strong. It had a population of 35 million. That was 15% of the global population at the time.
Antiochus IV Epiphanius excelled as a king. He was born around 215 BC and died at the age of 53 in Fars, Iran. He assumed the throne after the death of his brother.
Antiochus IV had a unique way of ruling. He mingled with the common people and sought local office. This surprised his subjects and stirred their emotions.
The reign of Antiochus IV is important for understanding the history of the dynasty. His period marks his influence in Syria and Hellenism. His actions are key to understanding the period and the political and territorial events.
The reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanius and the Seleucid wars
Between 175 BC and 164 BC, a period of intense conflict took place. Antiochus IV Epiphanius led the Seleucid empire at this time. The Seleucid Wars were fought by various Hellenistic kingdoms. They were fighting for more land and power.
Antiochus IV wanted to grow the Seleucid empire. He therefore focused on military campaigns. A crucial victory was achieved in Cyprus in 168 BC against Rome.
Rome wasn't the only opponent. The year before, in 169 BC, he defeated the Egyptians in Egypt. This victory strengthened his power in the region.
Persecution of the Jews marked his reign. He imposed pagan rituals and desecrated the Temple in Jerusalem. This led to the Revolt of the Maccabees in 166 B.C. Led by Judas Maccabaeus, they tore down the altar of Zeus.
Antiochus IV Epiphanius died of an illness in 164 BC. His military legacy and the conflicts of the Seleucid Wars changed the region. They changed the politics and military of the time.
| Period | Events |
|---|---|
| 175 BC - 164 BC | Reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanius |
| 168 BC | Victory of Antiochus' fleet in Cyprus |
| 169 BC | Occupation of Egypt |
| 166 BC. | Revolt of the Maccabees and the overthrow of the altar of Zeus |
| 164 BC | Death of Antiochus IV Epiphanius |
The reign of Antiochus IV marked the Hellenistic region. He greatly influenced the history of the ancient Middle East. His struggles with Rome and his campaigns are fundamental to understanding the past.
Read more about Antiochus IV Epiphanius and his role in history. Discover his impact on judaism and the Hellenistic region.
The significance of Antiochus IV Epiphanius in ancient history
The rule of Antiochus IV Epiphanius had a major impact on the ancient Middle East. He influenced the Hellenistic region and confronted Ptolemaic Egypt. His occupation of Jerusalem led the Jews to revolt, seeking to protect their culture and religion. This episode shows how he affected the history of this area of the world.
From 175 BC to 164 BC, he ruled the Seleucid Empire. It suffered Roman influence and disputed territories with Ptolemaic Egypt. His actions shaped a new political future in the region.
Known for persecuting the Jews, Antiochus IV forbade the Judaism in Jerusalem and desecrated the temple. He also tried to impose cultural power by erecting an altar to Zeus. This led to the revolt of the maccabeesled by Judas Maccabaeus, who changed Jewish history in his fight for religion.
He also faced issues with Rome. He was forced out of Egypt and Cyprus by Roman pressure. This made Rome's power in the region clear, changing the history of the Middle East and the Roman Empire.
Antiochus IV Epiphanius is remembered for being a strong and controversial leader, but his actions greatly influenced the Jews. The revolt of the Maccabees and the restoration of the Temple in Jerusalem are highlights of this influence.
Historical legacy and political influence
In addition to his rule, Antiochus IV marked the political and cultural history of the region. His legacy lasted after his reign, affecting the relationship between empires and cultures. His influence is visible both in the Seleucid world and in the dynamics with Egypt and Rome.
Impact on the Middle East
Antiochus IV left a strong mark on the Middle East, impacting culture, politics and religion. His rule and the actions that followed him changed local history. A Jewish resistance against its cultural imposition led to the resurgence of Judaism. And its disputes with Egypt and Rome defined later influences in these places.
Conclusion
Antiochus IV Epiphanius was an important king who lived a long time ago. He ruled Syria and caused many problems, including acts against the Jews. One of these acts was disrespecting the Temple in Jerusalem.
Because of this, the Maccabees revolted. They fought against Antiochus, won and restored the temple. Thus Antiochus marked the history of the region and influenced Jewish culture and religion.
Antiochus IV fought many battles, including with Egypt and Rome. He tried to expand his empire, but was defeated by the Romans. This happened in 168 BC, and his story has been remembered ever since.
His policy against the Jews had serious consequences. However, the resistance led by Judas Maccabaeus proved the strength of the Jewish people. They restored their place of worship in the Temple of Jerusalem, despite the difficulties.
Antiochus IV left a powerful legacy for regional history. His rule inspired many events, both political, cultural and religious. He is much remembered, even after all these years.
FAQ
Who was Antiochus IV Epiphanius?
Antiochus IV Epiphanius was a king of the Seleucid dynasty. He reigned in Syria from 175 BC to 164 BC.
How did Antiochus IV Epiphanius come to the throne?
After his brother died, Antiochus IV became king. He relied on help to overcome a usurper.
What were Antiochus IV Epiphanius' conflicts with Egypt?
He faced Egypt, under the pharaoh Ptolemy VI. These conflicts were part of the Seleucid Wars.
What did Antiochus IV Epiphanius do about the Jews and the Temple in Jerusalem?
Antiochus IV stopped the Jewish rituals and disrespected the Temple.
He had an altar installed to Zeus. This caused the maccabees.
How did the reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanius end?
He died in 162 BC, possibly of cancer. With his death, his era in Hellenistic history ended.
What impact did Antiochus IV Epiphanius have on the Hellenistic region?
Antiochus IV expanded Hellenistic territory and increased Greek and Roman influence.
What is the legacy of Antiochus IV Epiphanius?
His legacy varies: some see him as ambitious, others as a tyrant.
His persecution of the Jews deeply marked Judaism.
What was the political context during the reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanius?
He ruled in an era of great rivalry and struggle for power in the Hellenistic world.
This included wars and disputes between rulers.
What is the relationship between Antiochus IV Epiphanius and biblical prophecy?
Many believe that his government has fulfilled prophecies, especially of the Book of Daniel, from Bible.
What impact did Antiochus IV Epiphanius have on the Temple in Jerusalem?
He desecrated the Temple, which led to the revolt of the maccabees. This resulted in the restoration of the Temple.
What is the significance of Antiochus IV Epiphanius in the history of Judaism?
His actions and opposition were a milestone in Judaism, leading to revolt and influencing the Jewish faith.
How important was the Seleucid dynasty in Ancient History?
The Seleucids were an influential dynasty in the Hellenistic world.
Your struggle for power shaped history in areas such as Syria.
What role did Antiochus IV Epiphanius play in the Seleucid Wars?
In the midst of the Seleucid Wars, Antiochus IV played a central role in the battles.
He took part in the power struggles between Hellenistic kingdoms.
What is the historical significance of Antiochus IV Epiphanius in the ancient Middle East?
His rule left a deep mark on the history of the region and on Greek and Roman culture,
and influenced relations with the Roman Empire.
Source links
- https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antíoco_IV_Epifânio
- https://herancajudaica.com/2014/12/03/antioco-iv-epifanio-interpretes-judeus-anteriores/
- https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antíoco_VI_Teos_Epifânio
- https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/nearco/article/viewFile/40705/pdf
- https://www.gotquestions.org/Portugues/Revolta-dos-Macabeus.html
- https://ministeriopastoral.com.br/antioco-epifanio-e-as-especificacoes-profeticas-de-daniel/
- https://biblia.com.br/dicionario-biblico/a/antioco/
- https://www.psaojose.org.br/biblia/ii-macabeus/ii_macabeus6/
